Thursday, 15 August 2013

A Friendly Investigation



I love reading detective stories. My favorites are from Satyajit Ray, and Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay, who created immortal Bengali detectives like Feluda and Byomkesh. It is both exciting and exhilarating to read their exploits, which usually culminate by a grand exposure of the truth behind a crime connecting all missing dots in a sequence of events! However, till date I still carry this doubt, whether such a species called private investigator exists in reality. Even if so, I wonder, in real life how he (she) unfolds a mystery before an august audience, or whether at all, gets an opportunity to do so! I never met a person with such distinction, nor heard any such story from a firsthand account; except in one occasion, I did experience something similar. I was then in the second year of my study in this Institute. The story I would like to share, requires a brief intro of my early hostel life here. Let me put them on record. My only rider with this narration is not to take any of my friends’ names seriously. They are all fictitious. Neither the dialogues are very authentic. Most of them are notional. I am left with shoddy outlines of those events, and hopelessly trying to connect those missing dots.  
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As a matter of fact, I never left this place since my admission here. I did all possible degrees in engineering here, and joined as a faculty member subsequently. Presently all our hostels are so crowded that hardly a room is singly occupied. But in our days, we had the luxury of enjoying our rights to exclusive privacy from the day one, as we stepped into that world; and what a world was revealed to a semi-urban boy of seventeen in its very first night! It’s not that I was not prepared!  More than thirty students from my college, where I studied for my high-school degree, were admitted that year in this Institute. Out of them around fifteen students got their accommodation in the same Hall (hostel), where I was also put. Before coming here, I did hear various horror stories about so called ragging by seniors from my friends. Though I was mentally prepared to face them, I had no idea in what form this terror would strike me. I was also taking comfort of the fact that a good number of my classmates would also be staying in the same hostel, and together we would find a way to face the situation. So when my father accompanied me to my hostel with the luggage, I implored him to leave me at once. I was worried, if anything unpleasant occurs before him, he might feel humiliated and insulted.

It was around lunch time. After seeing off my father at the gate, I went straight to the mess (dining hall). I took a tray from the counter, and looked for a seat in a table. There seated all strange faces before me. Out of them I did find a familiar figure and face. It was my friend, the math-genius, and once a room mate in my previous residential school, who must have arrived there before me. But hardly could I recognize him! If he was not distinguished by his thick glasses and a very fair complexion, I could have missed him as well! Where was his curly and fluffy hair, for which he was so proud of? Even he was ready to defy then the dictate of an Army commandant, who was supervising our NCC drill, for retaining his long hair. But, at that moment it was mowed too heavily to acknowledge its fragile existence on his unusually big head. To my eyes it looked worse than what he had once suffering the trauma of my experimental hair-cut! Moreover, there was no trace of his nicely trimmed moustache and beard in his clean shaved face, which he was carrying otherwise a few months ago! Anyway, I was very glad to see him, and sought relief from his presence in this seemingly hostile and unknown territory! He was taking lunch almost without looking at anyone. So I did not receive any greetings from him, when I took my tray beside him, and dropped myself on a chair. I asked, “When did you come?”
He whispered, “Don’t talk to me.”
“Why?”
He moved his eyeball around trying to make me aware of the charged atmosphere fuming around me.
“Good afternoon, Professor!” It seemed someone greeted me in front with a hissing sound. I looked up, and found a lanky frail figure; wearing a colorful kurta (a long shirt) addressing me. In fact, there were a few other strangers, strangely smiling at his remarks. I could sense the teasing tone from his voice, but I could not help replying back, “Good afternoon!”
“Good afternoon!” he mocked me back, and sat on a chair beside me, “What is your name, Professor?”
I told my name.
“Do you know mine?
How could I? That was our first meeting! I said, “No.”
“Well you should. Look Tano! What a great moustache our Professor has!”
“Leave it Bhox! He just arrived.” Tano took pity on me. But, Bhox continued, “Not till our Professor promises me that he should get rid of it. And if you don’t, I will chop the half of it. The other half you could carry if you wish! Will you not?”
I remained silent as I did not have any idea how to respond. Bhox still continued, “And what a lovely hair you have? A real hero! But look at! Ouch! Does a hero wear chappals (leather slippers)? Dear Professor, you need a genuine shake up! Wait for the evening!” Fortunately my tormentor had to hurry up for afternoon classes. I had to run also to my new Department, where an orientation class was supposed to be held.

During the orientation session the professors of my Department were getting introduced to us. We were about thirty five in number, and majority of them were from my college (high school) and two other Institutions of Calcutta. That year from my college, more than thirty students took admission here, and out of them twelve (including me) were placed in my Department. We were told about different facilities, and opportunities in the Department. However, I was not very attentive to those lectures, as I was worried about the unknown horror waiting for me in the evening.  I met my high-school classmates there too. All of them bore the signature of a thin hair-cut and a moustache-less appearance.  Kobi, an old pal, looking at me told, “What kind of preparation you had my dear! You are going to die tonight.”
I told, “Why?”
He hushed, “You have not shaved your moustache, kept long hair, wearing a Chappal instead of shoe! Didn’t you know that those are to be observed here? This is ragging period yaar (friend)!” 
I took surprise in the tone he was talking to me. We studied together for past two years, and interacted quite often. But I never heard him talking with such a dramatic intonation. I frankly admitted that I was completely in dark. I enjoyed my happy moments for past two months in my home after the HS (Higher Secondary) examination. Though I was apprehensive about the infamous ragging of this Institute, I did not make much effort to know these details. Rather my parents were more worried than me. There was a person who graduated that year itself from our town. My father contacted him and brought a reference letter from him. I was asked to produce that letter to one of my seniors in my Hall in case I had any trouble. That’s all the preparation I had. There was another worry for me. I confided to him, “I do not have any shoe presently. I am not used to it.”
“Well! You are in deep trouble, Brother! Better get a pair. Go to Gole-Bazar (a market place in our town). Have your hair cut, and buy a pair of shoe.”

 I took his advice. No sooner than our introduction was over, I left the place, took a rickshaw and went to Gole-Bazar. Fortunately, my father gave me enough money for my initial settlement. That saved my day. By then, I was knowledgeable enough about various protocols that needed to be followed during those initial days, so called ragging period; a period lasting for a first few weeks. After that every freshman had the equal right of freedom and justice as others. How long could the period be? It could be a month; it could be a few days. All depended upon the whims and rationales of a few senior students. So I was not sure how long we had to wait for our days of redemption. During my whole ride by that rickshaw, I was making a mental list of ‘do’s’ and ‘don’ts’ that I learned from my friends. First, wishing a senior was an integral part of the protocol, and one had to address him honoring his temporary knighthood in that period. Moreover, the trick of getting a reprieve from a person was to remember his name fully from the first letter to the last including the acronymous middle part of it, and with a mandatory prefix ‘Mr.’ before the full name for every utterance.  Hearing such an honorable debriefing on his existence, any person in this world should possibly refrain from playing tricks with the messenger. Moreover, if I knew the name of a person, he needed to take additional precaution, for not becoming a catalyst to any untoward incident, which might get reported to the authority.  However, I was also warned that reporting to the authority may not bore well with the greater community of my new strange world, where I would be living for at least five years.

The market place was quite far from my Institute. It took about half an hour to reach there. It was in the middle of July, and occasionally it rained that day. But when I reached there, the afternoon was shining bright. To my delight I found the place quite clean and had enough space to roam around. It was not like any other usual crowded market place. After arriving there, first thing I did, was to find a saloon and luckily found an empty seat there. I always felt relieved, if I find that I do not have to wait in a cue to have my hair cut. It went smooth – a very special cut indeed; on my request the barber trimmed my hair twice. He also shaved my beard. When he thought that his job was done, I asked him to remove my moustache. He hesitated a bit and asked, “Are you sure?” I told him to go on.  It was a bit of consolation to me to know that I was not the only person there, who was unhappy at that moment. With great reluctance he finished his job.

With my new appearance, and a shining pair of shoe on my feet, I presented myself with a renewed confidence.  The moment I entered through the gate, I met a person gentle in appearance with a philosopher’s look behind thick glasses of spectacles. I greeted him, “Good Evening, Sir!”  
“Good Evening! What is your name?”
I told my name.
“Department?” Then he asked again, “Which School?”
When I told the name of my School, he was very pleased, “Oh! I am also from the same place! I heard this time a good many number have taken admission here.”
I confirmed.
“Good! Come with me. Don’t get afraid. I am Arunava Bose. Did you have your snacks?”
“No, Sir!”
“Then come with me in the mess.”  
Before going there, I went to my room and kept my belongings. Arunava scouted me the whole route. He advised, “I may have to act rough in front of others. You should not mind. Today, I will take to my room so that no one can disturb you. But you should not avoid anyone. Here, we like to see that you mix with everyone in this Hall.”
I followed him to our mess. Evening was not so bad. Arunava took me to his wing, and introduced me to his wing-mates. Some of them behaved rough and tough, but I realized soon that most of them were acting for some reasons. They intended to be as friendly as possible to us, yet not violating traditional unwritten codes of conduct in asserting their seniority to a new-comer.

I was a complete stranger in that world. It’s not that I was a beginner in my hostel life. I had already been a veteran for two years in that regard. That too was a college hostel, as our high-school study was done in a college. But the atmosphere in my new hostel was completely alien to me. It sounded so chaotic to me; it appeared so irrational, that it made a lasting impression on my study of human nature. Western rock and high-pitched metallic sounds were being played all around, intermittently mixed with sudden shrill voices with strange vocabulary.  We were advised many do’s and don’ts then. We came to know that there were infamous raggers in our Hall. Again there were also a few famous anti-raggers. If we show our attachment with those famous personalities, we might get into more trouble. The biggest challenge was to get the name of a senior. It might not be as trivial as it looked.  The honorable person in all likelihood won’t introduce himself. We had to get it indirectly, either listening to the names addressed toward him, or by searching them from their copy-books lying here and there. Sometimes they made fun of confusing freshers by calling their friends with wrong names.  Our introduction went on beyond two o’clock midnight. Finally, when all the neighboring tantrums seemed to ebb down, I was asked to go back to my room, with a piece of advice, “Don’t get caught by those night-mongers!” Fortunately I was not. After entering my room I simply threw myself on the bed, and went to sleep. Even I had no time to change my dress!

A half an hour later I woke up suddenly with sounds of banging and kicking at my door from the outside. Both the window and other objects in my room were vibrating with shouts of kicking and warning from outside. Still half asleep I replied on top of my voice, “Wait please!” and opened the door. Four strangers with full of aggression and abusing language pushed me into my room. The very first question they asked why I was sleeping. I had no answer; I already got used to such irrational questions before! Anyway, they went on observing their rituals in welcoming a freshman, with a half-hearted indirect introduction of them. As per rules of games, these spirited gentlemen did never utter their names to me directly. So the task was shared by others in a round about way. I went through these exercises with their mutual threatening and cooperation on this matter, and could wish a “Good Morning” to a few of them with their full names. Sometimes I needed to answer them by squatting myself on an imaginary chair. Then, they asked me, whether I knew where the Musoorie was. By that time, I was informed enough to know that, in that world Mussorie was not the famous hill station, but the empty box-space between the ceiling and the top of cemented wall racks of my room. I had to ride there, and jump from that height to the floor.  It seemed they were pleased enough on my compliance. Then, they took me out. A few others were also brought in the lawn in front of our wing. For half an hour, we paraded, ran a few races, and, got drenched in water thrown from top. Some of the late-night watchers of that gala show, leaning forward against the railings of their corridors in first and second floors, were occasionally throwing buckets full of water over us. Finally, our hall president intervened and requested them to allow us a few hours’ of sleep. That was my first night in this Institute!

We went through those first few fiery days testing our patience, and in turn, grew a sort of solidarity among us in the face of common humiliation. Many of us vowed for ending this abject irrational practice of welcoming new-comers. We were also encouraged by quite a few of the seniors, who shared similar views. But the opposition was in varied forms. Some felt the practice was necessary for integrating a new-comer in the melting pot of our cross-cultural tradition. Some took it as an avenue for hunting new talents among them, who might otherwise put themselves under the curtain of shyness. Some considered physical abuses abominable, though they favored teasing and mental subversion. A minority of them wanted to oppose this culture at any level, but they were afraid of getting labeled by a term ‘anti-ragger’, which had a stigma of social ostracization among the student community. There were some students who became famous by being a ragger, and a few by the tag ‘anti-ragger’. It appeared the politics in our Institute was largely affected by these two identities, and candidates of elections in Gymkhana and Hall councils counted support from the community for their respective causes. There was a bit of twist in this labeling also. ‘Anti-raggers’ were also equated with ‘commies’, as the most vocals among them openly professed their allegiance to communism. Naturally, it was difficult for a student to get himself enlisted in the camp of so called anti-raggers with a questionable political brand such as ‘communism’. In spite of that, most of our friends when we left our Hall at the close of our sessions in the first year, agreed that one need not be a communist to stop ragging, and that was what we would be doing in the coming session.  We went home happily thereafter to enjoy our first summer vacation.
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Once I returned from my home and joined my fellow-mates, I found that same merriment and hulla-bolla (chaos) was going all around us, except the fact my own role had been reversed. I had to acknowledge to the greetings of fresh-comers with my freshly anointed temporary knighthood. To my surprise, I found most of my friends started enjoying their newly changed status, and acted roles of habitual bullies to them. I expressed my displeasure to them, and more often openly, which was straining my relationship with them. It happened so, even in my second year, I did not change my room, which was the usual practice for a senior to move up from the ground floor. However, most of my wing-mates decided to stay back so that we could move together in the next academic year.  Even my wing-mates also disappointed me, as I found them behaving in a no different way to a newcomer.  The lead role was taken by Shiva. He used to bring freshers to his room, and bullied them to a great extent. He also encouraged others to join him.  Being confronted by me on several occasions, he shouted at me once, “What is your problem? We are having fun? Either you join us, or you leave.”
I squarely told him, “I would not like to see anyone suffers in my wing. So, let us behave properly.”
My other wing-mates did not oppose me there, but neither did they show any solidarity to me. It appeared they had tacit support to shows led by Shiva.  According to them it was not a great deal, as there was no physical abuse taking place.  Though my role got reversed, I was still depriving my sleep during this period. I took the moral responsibility to move around my friends, and check them against committing any excesses.  I must admit, it was no less strainful than facing humiliation from a senior. Things were taking quite ugly turn. So two weeks later, quite a few of us, likeminded fellows, assembled together, and decided to blow the whistle to bring an end. The matter ended, when we got a report of such excessive abuse, and almost forced our hall mates to come to sense and stop then and there.  That night itself the unofficial ‘official’ declaration from the seniors flagged down the welcoming season of newcomers.

Our days were moving fast with classes, assignments, and evening-addas (informal meets of friends for gossips and chit-chats). In that evening, all of us assembled in one such session in Samar’s room. Our Puja Vacation was just over. So we were sharing our funs and exploits of that season. Samar was my neighbor. I had already grown a good friendship with him. We used to take a long walk in the neighborhood in and around our campus almost in every afternoon. He was also my lab-partner. Besides Samar and me my other two wing mates Shiva and Paritosh were there. In addition, two of my friends from another wing also joined with us. KK and Bishu came from the wing opposite to our block (a unit of a three storied building) in its first floor. Both of them were great followers of sports, in particular, football. KK was a zealous supporter of East Bengal, and Bishu was fanatic on Mohun Bagan. So, whenever they used to meet, they started their mock fight over claims and counterclaims of various feats of their teams. We also used to take part in that teasing, as each of us too belonged to one of these camps and enjoy the fun of expressing our camaraderie to our co-supporters.  In that season, both the teams shared the IFA shield. As there was no conclusive proof of reigning supremacy of any of them, the debate on their ranking was used to be quite intense. Added to it, we had our funs in comparing greatness of our cricketers.  There too KK and Bishu differed. While KK was a fan of Viswanath, Bishu worshipped Gavaskar.  In that evening also, we had those usual jeering and cheering of their respective teams and sports personalities. Samar, seated on his chair, was making occasional puns and twists of words in these gossips. He was very popular among us. He was a natural talent of fine arts. He could play Tabla and Flute, was a good actor and could draw sketches nicely. The biggest charm of his behavior was his simplicity, and always carried a smiling face in every situation. Like Samar, Shiva was also popular with my hall mates. He was a typical urban boy. He was tall, could mix well with others, maintained a Bachhan-styled hair, and tried to mimic his art of speaking for impressing others. However, rarely I could get along with him. It was not a secret between us, neither to others. Shiva used to lead all this discussion to his favorite topics on girls and sex, which were not to my taste, and I used to express my displeasure. Likewise, I also detested his cheap porn jokes, which he used to crack often. I was surprised, how a person like Samar started enjoying his jokes and mannerism. My other two wing-mates, Dipten and Paritosh, with whom I grew intimacy, were nice and gentle. Dipten was a reserved person. He was formal in his interaction, and used to maintain a distance, while Paritosh was more open, but quiet.

Our adda started with usual exchange of information and teasing on our exam preparation. Then it turned toward sports and movies, and finally settled with Shiva’s hot topics on his recent exploits with his girlfriends in Puja Pandaals. The audience was quite enjoying and appreciating his story of tricking a girl with usual punctuations of slangs and lingos of teen agers.  The story was yet to be finished, when suddenly Dipten knocked the door, and entered the room in haste. Finding all of us there, he announced with a serious tone, “I am sorry, I am interrupting you. But I thought I must inform you all.”
Samar asks, “What’s the matter boss? You look so serious.”
“I am not getting a few hundred rupee notes. I kept them in my purse. It was lying on my table. Someone must have stolen it.”
Samar exclaimed, “No way Boss! Are you sure you did not lose your money somewhere else?”
“I am quite definite. There were two hundred rupee notes. I counted them even in this afternoon. Within these two hours they got stolen.”
Shiva commented with an irritation in his voice, “What is happening yaar! We should be careful about outsiders.”  He looked quite disappointed at not being able to finish his story.
Dipten told with conviction, “It’s not an outsider. Who is going to come in these hours? Moreover, I was around. Only for a few minutes, I had a brief chitchat with Paritosh. I was clearing my doubt over a Fortran program.”
Paritosh confirmed, “Yes! Yes! You came to my room. Did you lock your room?”
“No. It was only for a few minutes. Usually I lock the door, if I am away for a longer duration. Of course, right now I kept it locked, you see.”
Dipten was naturally very upset on loosing his money. There was a bit of silence. KK told, “Parui was also telling he was not getting a few bucks in his room. He was not sure whether he lost them somewhere else.”
Bishu added, “Not only Parui, Jode too had lost.”
Paritosh confirmed, “Yes. He told me the other day; he was not getting his money. So may be, this stealing is going on for sometimes.”
Everybody looked quite alarmed. I commented, “It means somebody from us is stealing our money. Otherwise, it cannot be such a frequent affair.”
Shiva shouted with excitement, “What are you saying? How is it possible that one of us is stealing?”
Samar too supported him, “No way, Boss! It must be an outsider. Why don’t we catch that milkboy or the dhobi? We might get a clue!”
The mood of that evening dramatically got changed. Our adda also came to an end. Bishu and KK went to their rooms as they had to study for the exam. Shiva too left saying he had to finish some assignments. I was also about to leave, but stopped when I heard Dipten saying, “I suspect a person.”
“How come?” Samar asked.
“He took a book from me to read, and later being asked denied of having it. So I went to his room and found it lying on his table. Of course, he apologized, and swore by Goddess Kali that he had forgotten about it. But I doubt; it appeared to be intentional.”
“No way!” Samar still could not agree.
Paritosh said, “I also suspect someone. Most likely we are talking about the same person.”
We found Dipten and Paritosh eyed each other and smiled, as if they reached a consensus. We pleaded, “Tell us. Whom do you suspect?”
They did not oblige us. Paritosh only told, “It was also a book. Once he took my JT Bell (A book on coordinate geometry written by Robert J.T. Bell, and identified here by the name of the author). When I asked he denied. Then I found the book on his table. It was a new one, and my name was not yet written there. He insisted that he owned that copy. But I could find a few exercises marked by me with pencils. However, he was very adamant and not to be convinced. I could not say more.”
Samar told, “Oh? Why don’t you ask that bastard to return your book?”
Paritosh said, “You know. I am not good at shouting and quarreling.”
I told, “But others should be warned. Let us inform our wing mates.”
Both Paritosh and Dipten almost simultaneously told, “Please no! It may lead to false accusation and a loss of face for all of us.”
---
I suspected Shiva as the person meant by both Paritosh and Dipten, almost immediately. But I was afraid to ask them by naming him as I was already known not in good terms with him. So I might appear mean to them and unfairly biased against him if he was truly innocent in their affairs. So I went to my room with the anxiety of knowing that one of us had the habit of stealing. Next day I asked the coordinate geometry book from Shiva. He gave it to me. I searched for pencil markings in exercises, and found them quite easily.

So I confided to Paritosh about my suspicion. He readily agreed that he also meant Shiva the other day. We went to Samar, and later called Dipten. We all shared that piece of information, and decided not to disclose our suspicion to anyone unless we could find any proof of Shiva’s involvement in stealing money. We started also observing the wings where Shiva was visiting, and found that he was occasional visitor of those rooms from where moneys were stolen. One evening we again heard that there was another incident of stealing. This time it happened to Subir who was my schoolmate as well. He brought money from his home for paying mess bills. The amount was about Four hundred rupees. I met him in his room, and wanted to know how the money was stolen, and who the persons were visiting these days. He had no specific answer to my queries, and did not mention anyone’s name in particular, but we knew that Shiva often did go to their wing for a gossip.  I consoled Subir saying that one of us in our Hall must be in that horrible business and the thief won’t stop unless he found himself in our trap. Hence, there was a good possibility of recovering his money.

Though we were suspecting Shiva, we were careful enough not to give any hint to him. Neither, we disclosed it to others. He was interacting with us with his typical mannerism and carefree attitude. Once he asked me, “What is happening boss? We need to be careful about our money. I heard Subir also had lost his bucks.”
I told him, “Yes, it’s quite unfair. He came from a needy family, and it would put him in great difficulty.  He has to pay his mess-dues. Anyway, we have to find the culprit.”
He teased me, “Are you people after someone? After all, Subir is one of your schoolmates, and so many of you are here. You must be doing something.”
“Yes, we also felt we need to act. But, It’s difficult. Whom to suspect?  Let’s see.”
“Tell me boss. If I need to do anything, I am available.”
He expressed his sincerity in tracking down the culprit.  

Paritosh finally suggested, “Let’s check his bank account. If he is stealing, he must have been depositing it in his account.”
“How could we?”
“I will get his pass book, and give it for an update. He has given me one of his room keys.”
Paritosh did get the book from his room, and we all went to the bank for updating it. To our surprise, there were really a few deposits within this period, and our suspicion became firm from that day.

We were not sure how we could get a conclusive proof of his involvement. Even the deposits in bank accounts were indicative, not enough for challenging him. However, the providence played its role.  We were not at all prepared for the chain of events unfolded next. This was how our investigation ended, rather unusual and a bit of anticlimax compared to what we find in finishing pages, paragraphs or sentences of a detective story. Nevertheless, that was exciting too. The evening started as usual. I was in my room studying for the end-sem exams, which were scheduled after a fort-night.  Suddenly, I got a knock at my door and heard an excited voice calling my name. I found Arun and Jyoti outside my room. They informed me, “Parimal’s money was stolen, and Shiva was seen there a few hours ago.” By that time, some of my friends might have guessed that we were after the thief, and Shiva was a possible suspect. I immediately called Samar and Paritosh, and went to Shiva’s room. He was inside, and opened the door. I told him, “There is another report of stealing. This time Parimal is the victim. Let us search everyone’s room, and find out whether the money is there.”
Paritosh added, “Parimal was intelligent enough to write the numbers of those notes, as all this stealing were going on. There should not be any difficulty in identifying the stolen bucks.”
I stared at Shiva, but he appeared unmoved.
Shiva told, “Search Boss! This is not fair. But what can I do?”
He remained seated on his chair during our operation. We were so desperate that we were looking for the money at every possible place in his room. We searched his bed, books. He also opened his suitcases. But of no avail. I had to be always apologetic during this operation, however with dogged determination we went on carrying out the search. I exclaimed, “We should also search our pockets. Let us try that.” But when we turned our heads and looked for him, we did not find him there. He was nowhere to be seen. He left his room by then. But a few minutes later, we heard Jyoti running and shouting with excitement, “Shiva was caught red handed. He was found keeping the money over the flush-tank in a toilet. Parimal was following him and caught him in his act.”
---
That night itself Shiva was sent home accompanied by some of our friends. He did not face us after being caught, neither we were interested in getting us into any further embarrassment. He had to skip his year of study. His mother approached us for a possible reconciliation allowing him to stay in our wing, and completing his study for that year. But so hotheaded were we then, we rejected her request. I regretted later for our impoliteness to her. Shiva rejoined our Institute a year later, and he finished his study one year after we graduated. During his remaining years in our Hall, he maintained a low profile, hardly speaking with any of us. However, in his final year, when I was doing my Masters here, we had our rapprochement. We met occasionally and exchanged greetings.  Once we played a few games of chess in one of our in-house competitions. He was a better chess player, and defeated me quite easily!

04/08/2013

Monday, 29 July 2013

Science, Rationality and an Individual



Science and technology have shaped and transformed our society to such an extent, that even their utmost critics find it very hard to contradict their description and explanation of this material world. It does not mean however that we, as members of this society, have accepted them (scientific facts and reasoning) in our day to day affairs, in our professional, social and cultural life. On the contrary, we observe increasing influence of conservative religious faith and beliefs over a great many people. It is not only the backward section of our society, because of their lack of education, subscribes to those views and faith, but also, the educated advanced section, by and large, is influenced by unscientific theories and practices in various degrees. Some of them actively become their protagonists. Some passively submit to prevailing practices due to social pressure, and obligations to our near and dear ones.

Sometimes, a zealous rebel against these unscientific beliefs and faith relies heavily upon a conspiracy theory for this conflicting state of affairs. He (she) may attribute this irrationality to a few conspirators, who are economically benefitting out of these unscientific practices and beliefs. No doubt, there are material incentives to a select few for influencing the population with non-materialistic and meta-physical world-views. It is natural that they would try their best to put resistance on introduction of any new scientific theory and facts to the society, which may affect their business and economic interest. But, their success largely depends upon the active and passive acceptance of those unscientific views by the greater populace, who need not be coerced to follow the dictate of a few. The greater masses do it willingly in most cases, and even actively (and very often violently) oppose any change to their rituals and practices, however harmful, undemocratic, oppressive and irrational they may appear in this twenty-first century.

We need to assess rationality of an individual with this perspective. If we assume that the basis of our rationality is the adherence to scientific thought processes and our faith in scientific knowledge, we find that the rationality of an individual does not solely depend on his (her) willingness and determination to observe this strict adherence. It is not only the social inertia and backwardness that may blur a person’s world-views, but also, many a time, our judgment on different matters gets skewed and confused by claims and counter-claims of different schools of thought, all supposed to be champions of science. Such a power the word science has today! No doubt labeling any obscure view with this magic word puts an aura around it and its proponents! So it is necessary for a rational individual to judge the boundary between science and non-science. Our discussion is aimed at understanding how our rationality revolves around this judgment.

The very first question that arises out of this discussion is what science means to us. To some it may be deemed as a collection of facts, laws and theorems about this material world. To some it is just another way of describing worldly phenomena out of several plausible alternatives.  Some may consider that it is limited by its effort to understand this material world only. But beyond this fragile reality, there exists a realm beholding spiritual and supernatural phenomena, which should be left to other schools of human thoughts such as theology, mysticism, etc. To them any apparent contradiction in explanation and description of this material world between science and other schools of thought is nothing but a reflection of our limited understanding and experiences about this world. 

So is there any clear and precise definition of science, which imparts a distinct identity to it? Some years ago, I was going through a book written by Carlo L Lastrucci (ref.  The scientific approach: basic principles of the scientific method”, Schenkman Pub. Co., Inc, 1967). I couldn’t agree more with the short definition he outlined there. According to him, “Science may be defined as an objective, logical and systematic method of analysis of phenomenon, devised to permit the accumulation of knowledge.” According to this definition, science is an analytical process or a study for deriving knowledge from this physical world. This study is characterized by various attributes, which are briefly mentioned in the definition. Let us get more into them.

First, and foremost, a scientific study has to be objective. The objectivity in a study implies that its outcome, if any, should be demonstrable fulfilling the conditions of the study, and moreover should not be limited to experiences of a few individuals. Any person following the same methodology adopted in the study, should have similar experiences. The other facet of objectivity is that science only deals with phenomena which are related to this material world. They should be observable and measurable. A non-scientific study very often lacks this objectivity. It merely summarizes an individual’s experiences, and fails to demonstrate or repeat them to a larger audience.

Scientific study should be logical in the sense that arguments and logic used in the study should not contradict any of the established scientific facts, laws, and theorems. If there is any iota of deviation, scientists need to relook at them. Scientists have developed universally accepted and a self-critical framework for placing these arguments. There are different branches of logic and mathematics that a scientist has to learn and apply in presenting them. Often we hear the phrase “zero tolerance” from a top administrator or a politician, on the face of a sudden disclosure of unethical practices in their organization or departments. There may be skepticism (in many cases justified too!) against their pledges. Science, however, has to truly maintain “zero tolerance” against any anomaly or deviation from its established laws and facts, while examining any argument in favor of certain explanation or observation. If it allows or accepts such deviation, it has to keep the debate open till its logical resolution, in consistence with its complete spectrum of knowledge. For example, at the end of the nineteenth century, it was thought that the mystery of nature had almost been solved, except two unexplained phenomena; namely, absolute or non-relative speed of light in vacuum, and the nature of black body radiation. However, the quest for solving these riddles revealed a new set of laws of nature to us in the forms of theories of relativity and quantum mechanics. Those theories, in turn, threw many other new questions to us, which demanded examination and explanation. This characteristic also reaffirms the “logical” character of science. It is “self-critical”. It does not merely observe or state a fact. It also takes the responsibility of explaining a new observation within its logical framework, and if the explanation fails, it tries to examine it again and again with different evidences and arguments, till it gets a consistent resolution either within its established laws and theorems, or supplementing (or replacing) it by new laws of nature.

Today’s scientific world-views have not grown from random studies of a few individuals or organizations. These are fruits of systematic observations and their explanations over the centuries. Individual contributions were always made from experiences and knowledge accumulated in the past.  No one should ignore the historical development of any scientific concept. Our understanding of physical world has been enriched and refined at different stages through discoveries made by Galileo, Newton, and Einstein, a continuing effort in advancing human knowledge limited by their era. The special and general theories of relativity have not been proposed all on a sudden by the genius Einstein. They were product of accumulated knowledge in that era. Neither do they reveal the ultimate truth. They are continuously tested with new evidences from different phenomena, and in the event of their failure in explaining them; they may require to be modified. For example, there is a gap in our understanding of how gravity works in atomic and sub-atomic scales. Though gravitational force of macroscopic bodies is partially explained by the general theory of relativity, it is not yet explained by quantum mechanics. These questions are arising due to our progressive understanding of nature, and their resolution also depends upon our systematic study using these accumulated experiences and knowledge.

Very often unscientific and pseudo-scientific claims defy this characteristic of pursuit of knowledge. Persons making such claims may dazzle us by their tricks and propaganda without any scientific argument and explanation of their methodology and outcome. Even they may fool scientific community for sometimes. For example, a few years ago, news of invention of petroleum production from herbs was widely circulated in media. Even the Dept. of Science and Technology (DST) initially accepted the claim. Later it was found through careful examination of their proposed methodology that the claim was false. Even at the outset of such announcement (of the invention), someone should have been doubtful, as there was no prior history of such possible conversion; neither the person was known to have scientific knowledge in related areas.

Let us discuss what challenges we face in recognizing such non-scientific claims, ideas and thought-processes. Many of them may take the camouflage of scientific terms and processes.  They mostly adhere to a pseudo-scientific school of thoughts. These disciplines were nourished in ancient times as a part of scientific studies and they were consistent with the limited knowledge that we had in those times. But, later they were historically rejected (e.g. palmistry, astrology, etc.), as they still retained their fundamental premises, which have contradiction with the scientific findings and theories. So, we can identify pseudo-scientific ideas and claims, when we find even a slightest deviation from any of the characteristics of science. They could be devoid of objectivity, may lack explanation, or may ignore a systematic study. There are also some schools of pseudo-science, where even today there are partial efforts in carrying out objective study. But, they still use their obsolete logic and explanation, which are contrary to scientific discourse.  Many of our traditional schools of medicine such as Ayurveda (traditional Indian medicine), Unani (traditional medicine practiced by Muslims), and even relatively modern school of medicine, Homeopathy, fall in this category. They mostly rely on empiricism, rather than explaining the cause of a disease and the functioning of a drug in physiological and cellular processes. I must admit here, that I am not disputing their partial utility in our society. Some of their practices may have been found effective for treating certain diseases, but reasons (according to these schools) for their effectiveness do not necessarily subscribe to scientific explanation.  Neither these schools are capable of developing and enriching themselves with new scientific discoveries. They remain as traditional as they were centuries ago. In fact many such pseudo-scientific therapies attempt to exploit the limitation of scientific knowledge in certain areas of medicine. More often, we may find advertisement of these therapies for treating incurable diseases, such as different types of cancer, or chronic diseases like asthma. Even if a treatment exists for such a disease in modern medicine, it may come with a tag of high price, unaffordable by many of us. In such cases, we may tacitly compromise our faith and belief in one of those pseudo-scientific therapies. Pseudo-scientific practices are also prevalent in commercial advertisements, as companies or manufacturers cite various surveys and scientific study in favor of their products. But these studies are driven by their commercial interest, and are prone to be biased and incomplete.  

Confusions also exist due to limited scientific knowledge in various domains. There are living debates on various topics in the scientific community. For example, how this universe was created? Whether it came from a huge explosion popularly called ‘big bang’, or it had the steady state from the beginning, is a burning question to the scientific community. It is difficult for a common man to form an objective opinion on such a matter. This example may look benign as it may not have any direct implication to our livelihood. But there are many other debates, which demand people’s involvement in the decision making process. For example, how do we solve the energy crisis today? How do we avoid the danger of destroying our environment? Should we go for nuclear energy or should we not? Are wind-mills environment-friendly?  Should we build dams in a river? Everyday we face various such questions, and require taking a side.

Not only confusions around pseudo-science and scientific debates affect our rationality, but in many other ways, non-scientific views also influence us. Unless we are aware of their nature, we could be very easily swayed by those arguments and beliefs. After all, we live in a society; we grow in it. Our daily habits, cultural and religious customs, social pride and prejudice, history of our national identity, etc., may shape our opinions on different matters, which may apparently look quite natural and justified. However, they may lack objectivity in their assumptions, and professing of different facts and figures. Often we get swayed by the propaganda of Government and political parties in favor of their program and sectarian outlook. In particular, this gets aggravated during a war against another country, and suppression of any popular movement within.

So a very relevant question on maintaining our rationality is that, how do we judge ourselves under this scenario? How do we place rationality before prejudice? Undeniably, a rational person needs to be self-critical and to be disciplined enough to examine objectivity of facts and arguments placed before him (her). However, as we discussed before, the struggle for its sustenance is not merely confined to an individual; it is also a social struggle. There lies the importance and significance of any social movement and revolution championing the secular scientific outlook. It is not only the era and knowledge that determine our rational behavior, but the present state of social movement against unscientific ideologies also checks our rationality. That is why, it is difficult to say whether the masses in the eighteenth century carrying forward the French revolution were less rational than the present generation, equipped with all the modern gadgets, and enjoying the fruits of technological innovation and invention in their daily life; yet, many of them are swayed by religious sentiments, and sectarian intolerance.

28/07/2013

Sunday, 7 July 2013

Lost Poems



When I was a kid, I wanted to be a poet. Well, do not get alarmed! If you asked any average Bengali boy then, you would have got the same answer.  After all, the greatest hero in our land is not a religious messiah. Neither was he a war-lord, nor any revolutionary leader. He is our great poet Rabi Thakur (Rabindranath Tagore)  – whose poems and rhymes we have been breathing since our childhood. So, I dreamt to be a poet. As every dream needs a push, it was my mother, who excited my budding grey cells those days. I am not sure how early it was. Most likely, it was after I finished my primary school.  I was a little hero then in our small township, as I topped in its final examination in the circle, and was awarded a scholarship. In one evening, my father came from his office, and announced that a local weekly wanted to start a page for kids, and requested him for a contribution from me.  My mother asked me, “Why don’t you write a poem?”
“Can I?”
“Try.”
So, I sat with my notebook and after struggling for an hour, came up with a few stanzas. It was about a  piece of green mango, freshly fallen from a tree in an early morning in spring. In fact, every morning in spring and summer, I used to visit then a mango tree in our dwelling to search for such fallen pieces. Our land lord had permitted us (kids) to pick any such fallen pieces, with a stricture that we should not try to get them by throwing stones or riding a tree. As an early riser, I had an advantage over other kids, and no sooner than I woke up, I used to run to the base of the tree with great excitement and expectation for possessing a piece before others. So being confronted with the literary demand from my parents, my materialistic mind could only get inspiration from that adventure, and desperately sought to pour out both joy and frustration in those lines. When my mother went through them, she smiled and encouraged me with an appreciating tone, “It’s nice. May I suggest a few changes?” I readily agreed. Finally, very little of my originality could survive her onslaught. But, after a few weeks, when I saw my name printed on the weekly, I was immersed in supreme happiness, and proudly exhibited it  to my friends.

About that time, I started going to my new school. It was a high school, and I was admitted to the fifth grade.  Within a few months, our Bengali teacher typically took notice of me, as he was very much impressed by my answers in the very first examination of his paper. I do not know why he liked that typical answer-script. But, he profusely praised my performance in the class and spoilt me to such extent, that I became very proud and confident in my proficiency as far as the subject Bengali concerned. I could never match his expectation in subsequent examinations. One day, he was told that I could write poems. He asked me, “Can you write one for me?”
“Now?” I could not suppress my excitement, and was eager to prove my talent.
He said, “Why not?”
So I wrote something, and showed it to him. He was a good-hearted person, and encouragingly patted me.
I confided to him, “But, it’s so easy! Everyone must be able to write a poem, if he wants to.”
He told me, “That’s not true. You may find it easy to get rhythms. Others may not.”
He spoilt me again. He turned my whims into passions.


So I continued with my creation. Whatever event excited me, I used to scribble down them into rhymes. I was bold enough to show them to my friends and teachers, and even read out on some occasions in our school. I wrote one such long ballad hailing the victory of India in world cup hockey. Once I composed a poem condoling Nazrul’s death the day poet died in Dhaka after suffering from a prolonged illness. Next day,  I recited it during the morning prayer, after our Head teacher addressed the assembly honoring his death. Today, if I recollect my school days, I wonder the way I enjoyed my freedom. I was not afraid of presenting myself in any forum. May be, I was innocent enough to differentiate between scorn and appreciation then. Though I must say that my friends were always nice to me, and they respected the way I wanted to be.   Somehow, when I left my school, and came out from my fictional world, I lost that innocence and confidence, and was shy enough to exhibit myself to others.  Fortunately, by that time the copy-book with the collection of my early poems had been lost for ever. I did not bother to get them back either. So that’s it. That was the end of a poet. It is true that I made some efforts even afterwards.  But, I never trusted them, as I did before.

06/07/2013